一周前,天浩朋友圈里又一位外贸工厂的老板老L宣布要“关闭”工厂,他的工厂坐落在曾有着世界工厂称谓的珠江三角洲,十多年来他躲过了金融危机的衰退,靠拆东墙补西墙解决了一次又一次资金链危机。几月前因为美国一家品牌商的违约弃单,造成一大批库存积压,早已千疮百孔的工厂似乎已经进入了“绝路”。
老L的遭遇并不是个例,受全球范围贸易摩擦加剧及中小企业融资难的双重压力,许多企业因为上游违约弃单或传统销售渠道的瓦解,使自己身陷资金链断裂的危机之中,眼看着成山的库存却无法“变现”,最终不得已只能关门歇业。据启信宝数据显示,2019年前两月有732家外贸企业注销登记;外贸大省广东2018年全年注销登记的外贸企业则多达到4293家,2019年前两月注销企业达到2311家。
从当年只要有人有机器就有钱赚的“黄金生意”,新的经济环境下传统的外贸工厂必须要为自己找到一个出路。好消息的是,据国家统计局数据显示,2019上半年消费增长对经济增长的贡献率达60.1%,内需消费的高速增长是外贸工厂的新机会,能否抓住已关乎他们的生死存亡。
外贸工厂的十年
老L是最早一批南下打工潮中的一员,高学历的他起点比大多数打工仔要高,两三年就积累了一笔可观的财富,在金融危机之前的“黄金时代”自办一个小工厂,主要从事服装加工制造,十几年来曾为许多知名的服装大品牌做过代工。
颇有头脑的他不断的将赚来的资金投入到工厂扩张中,逐渐由一个几个人的小厂子扩张成数百人的大厂,有房有车一时风光无限。
而金融危机后的12年制造业迎来“寒冬”,让他不得不勉力维持。以前每次遇到危机,老L总说只需要卖掉深圳的房子,不仅能还清几百万贷款,还能有些盈余回老家“享福”,但这一次显然没有这么幸运。
在广州珠三角依赖外贸业务的工厂不只老L一家,外贸制造行业在金融危机后,就一直不景气。数年前,中国皮革协会曾发布《全国皮革行业2012年经济运行情况及2013年展望》,报告显示中国皮革行业在2012年增速下降,下行压力加大,皮革行业产值、利润、出口增速分别回落11、19和17个百分点。而2011年时,三者的增速均超过20%。这一状态一直坚持到现在。
一年前,一笔来自美国的“大单子”一扫老L心头上的阴霾。根据他的规划,这笔订单如果执行完成,整个2019年工厂租金、员工工资及其他开支就都有了“着落”,至少不必在今年就把房子卖掉。
但,不知道什么原因,在工厂进行大量生产后,品牌方以各种理由延期,最终竟然弃单,眼见着前期几百万的投入又要打水漂。老L自己调侃,这一“赌”自己最后的退路也没了。
罪魁祸首就是这一行业的“期货”经营方式。每一季的新款在上市之前8-9个月时就已经定下,经销商也会提前4-6个月将货订好。一旦新产品因为款式或颜色不受市场欢迎,经销商就会找理由弃单,库存压力就会转嫁到下游制造工厂身上。加之近两年美国消费低迷的情况一直持续,外贸代工这一行业越来越难干。
老L透露,并不是所有的品牌方都把风险全转嫁给下游工厂,只是自己当时为了抢单签了“不平等条约”,现在后悔也来不及了。
因为各种原因造成的库存压力,正在成为压垮中国服装产业的最后一根稻草,在正常情况下,服装企业健康的库存率应在30%左右,而我国的服装企业平均库存率为40%至50%,绝大多数库存为过季商品,庞大的库存量已把传统的服装企业逼近警戒线。
因此,在中国帮助企业消灭库存也成为一门大生意。据艾瑞咨询发布的《2019中国库存电商行业研究报告》显示,库存电商2022年市场规模将达1500亿;以爱库存为代表的S2b2C模式的库存电商平台正在成为老L们的“救星”。中国消费结构完整,下沉市场的崛起带来许多新的机会,2018 年前后好衣库、唯品仓等玩家也相继进入,在中国庞大的库存背后正在诞生一个新的生意。
对于老L而言,急需一家能够“吞掉”这批货的靠谱渠道,只要资金流不断,就还有翻盘的机会。其实,和老L一样的许多外贸工厂同行已经开始转型,在产品、技术、品牌上实现自我革新。老L下定决心,只要渡过这次难关,也要从制造向“智造”升级。
压死老板的“资金流”
对于工厂主们而言,最怕的就是资金链断裂。
销路不好、利润不高都不是太大的难事,打垮企业的往往都是因为“钱”这个问题。销路不好可以建立新的经销渠道,利润不高可以引入设备提高自己的竞争力,只要手里有钱就有翻盘的资本。可钱一旦枯竭,一家看似强大的数百、数千人工厂,会在瞬间就被打垮。
那资金流断裂究竟会带来什么坏影响呢?
第一,银行贷款违约;每一家工厂都免不了需要向银行贷款,08年之前银行贷款非常好拿,为了完成任务,银行的人每天都求着要给外卖工厂老板放贷。不过,现在银行审核客户贷款资质已十分严谨小心,生怕有了坏账影响绩效。资金链断裂意味着银行贷款会违约,预示着下一季度的贷款计划也会受阻。恶性循环,足以拖垮一家企业。
第二,丧失抵抗风险能力;只要是做生意就会有意外,制造业是重资产的行业,厂租、水电、人工工资、技术升级、设备换代等每个方面都是一笔不小的成本。因此,一旦客户拖款或产品挤压在库存里无法变现,就会大大增加工厂的运营风险。资金链断裂对外贸工厂而言往往是毁灭性的,因此保证现金流的充足对于他们而言非常必要。
第三,背负上无休止的高利贷;没有人喜欢暴利的高利贷,但在没有任何资金来源时,高利贷就成了最后能抓住的稻草。就算能够按时“还款”,吓人的利息也会扒掉企业的一层皮。如果不能及时还上,利滚利能够让一个老板彻底输的一干二净。上海的许女士2013年向一家小额贷款公司借款4万,但仅仅半年时间,债务就变成150万。虽然国家严打高利贷,但还有很多老板为了“挺”下去冒险。
可以得见,如果说设备老旧、审美跟不上时代、多元化战略失败等难题都不可怕,只要资金链不断,就预示着你有翻盘的机会。消灭库存是制造业首要解决的难题,先让资金转起来,才有机会寻找新的出路。
消灭库存三条路
和许多实体业老板一样,说要关闭工厂只是老L一时气话,几百张嘴等着他吃饭,这一关无论如何要挺下去。虽然外企毁约,不过这批外贸服装无论款式、颜色还是质量都属上乘,品牌商的售价在三四百元。如果以每件几十元去销售会非常畅销,没准还能比给人代工还多赚上一些钱。
不过如何消灭库存也是门大生意,选渠道最重要。
最早的时候,老板们都会选择一些“中间商”进行批发,这些人常年混迹于服装这个大市场,有着不错的上游渠道、下游渠道的关系,只要厂家肯狠心“甩卖”,就有人敢接盘。虽然会亏损不少,因为中间商会压的比材料成本价还低,却也不失一个快速回笼资金的办法,赔的这些钱下一次赚回来就好。
不过,库存电商的兴起,正在成为消灭库存的新生渠道,而且比重越来越大。具老L介绍,传统渠道销售库存,会带来很多麻烦,比如说品牌商为了保护自己的定价权,会采取手段惩罚。另外,这些传统渠道会把价格压得很低,一般除非真的太缺钱了,不然也不会选择传统渠道去“抛货”。
来源:《2019年中国库存电商行业研究报告》
近两年,以爱库存为代表的S2b2C模式的库存电商平台,借助去中心化电商的模式应运而生,已经是许多外贸工厂甚至品牌商都在选择消减库存的重要渠道,相比于传统模式,S2b2C模式具备几个明显的优势,比如说流通渠道成本低,社交平台交易隐蔽性高(保护其他渠道价格体系不被冲击),库存电商带来的下沉红利等等。最重要的是回款周期短,爱库存回款周期仅7天,这在传统经销模式中根本无法想象。
相比于传统库存销售渠道,社交天然的封闭性让爱库存可以有效保护在其平台上销售的“低价”商品,不会冲击其他渠道的定价。艾瑞报告认为,库存电商平台的快速发展主要是因为平台一方面提高了品牌商的库存周转效率,一方面解决了小b端人群的经营痛点,另一方面迎合了低线城市人群消费升级的需求。今年,爱库存还上线了好货+选频道,是为优质工厂提供的一个销售通路。正适合老L这样的老板,通过这些库存电商新秀不仅可以快速消灭库存回笼资金,未来还可以打出自己的“厂牌”,摆脱对上游品牌商的束缚,才能实现真正的自主。
根据国家统计局的最新数据显示,2019年上半年,全国居民人均可支配收入15294元,比上年同期名义增长8.8%,扣除价格因素,实际增长6.5%。其中,城镇居民人均可支配收入21342元,增长(以下如无特别说明,均为同比名义增长)8.0%,扣除价格因素,实际增长5.7%;农村居民人均可支配收入7778元,增长8.9%,扣除价格因素,实际增长6.6%。
从2017年下半年至今,库存电商市场规模已达数百亿级。玩家量级在100-150家左右,第一梯队、第二梯队的玩家可占整体市场份额的80%以上。以爱库存为例,该平台已发展出超百万分销商触达4.3亿消费人群,热销超过4000多万件商品。已是越来越多品牌商、工厂选择的销售渠道。
当然,除了以上两条路,工厂还可以自建渠道,组织一个团队在线下或线上进行售卖,同样可以消灭库存实现资金回流。不过,工厂自建渠道只适合小批量货的售卖,一旦库存规模够大,靠自己的力量很难快速的销售出去。大批量的库存,仍然要选择专业渠道进行处理。
出口转内需的转型大潮依然在继续,老L只是其中一个典型案例,制造业迫切需要早日摆脱对上游的依赖,将销售渠道掌握在自己手中,商品直达消费者不仅让后者低价买到高质产品,还能够赚取更多的利润。在内需经济快速增长的时代,如何去顺应潮流转型,已是每一个工厂老板必须要考虑的问题。
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