近日,一桩投资的完成在音乐行业引起了不小的震动,那就是阿里入股网易云音乐。9月6日,网易公司宣布旗下的网易云音乐获来自阿里巴巴、云锋基金等共计7亿美元的融资,此为网易云音乐B2轮融资,此后网易仍然独享对网易云音乐的控制权。
这7亿美元的投资金额,占股比例约为10%,按这一标准推算,网易云音乐如今的估值在70亿美元左右,与去年11月B轮融资时的35亿美元估值相比翻了一番,其成长速度之快由此可见。
然而全面布局大文娱的阿里,自家旗下有虾米音乐,为什么还要给竞争对手投资呢?纵观当今在线音乐市场,腾讯风头正盛,所占市场份额也最多,网易云音乐可能是如今在线音乐市场上非腾讯系的唯一头部平台了,而虾米音乐或是其他的一些平台,似乎并不能第一时间被列入用户的考虑范围。
按说阿里有钱,资源也不缺,为什么虾米音乐却最终未能跻身头部平台?这或许与阿里对音乐业务采取的策略,以及市场整体的发展趋势与格局变化都有紧密联系。而此次阿里投资网易云音乐,大概率是要对抗腾讯系愈加扩张的在线音乐份额。那么在这笔投资完成之后,阿里会从中得到怎样的助力?这种合作又将对如今的在线音乐市场的整体格局带去怎样的改变呢?
一、虾米背靠大树却没法“乘凉”,腾讯死守核心愈发强悍
提起在线音乐平台,你会想到什么?多数人的答案应该是QQ音乐、网易云音乐、酷狗音乐等。可以确定的是,在这些答案中腾讯系是占大头的,唯一出奇制胜的也就只是网易云音乐。
BAT在音乐的战场上,腾讯是最大赢家,而百度和阿里的音乐业务却日渐没落。
就拿去年的数据来说,虾米虽然进了音乐类应用排行榜前5,但月活用户数却排在最后一位,仅为4690万人。而前3的QQ音乐、酷狗音乐与网易云音乐的月活量都超过了11000万人,排名第一的QQ音乐月活量已经达到了38346万人,这样一对比虾米音乐还真是显得有些“惨烈”。
排名前5,这个title听着很不错,但看看在线音乐市场,能叫得上名字的也就那几个应用,更何况虾米背后可是阿里,在互联网中叱咤风云,并且对大文娱多有布局,却在音乐业务上不景气,而同为BAT的腾讯却能风声水起,其中原因何在呢?
探究其中原因,可能要先说一下阿里在音乐之路上掉过的“坑”。说到对音乐布局的时间,阿里算是先行者。在智能手机尚未出现的那些年月里,一款叫做天天动听的音乐软件颇受欢迎,2007年诞生,到2012年用户量就已突破1亿,2013年突破2亿,可2013年底就被阿里收购。
在设想中这当然是好事,毕竟阿里是大企业,资源流量资金都不缺。2016年天天动听还更名为阿里星球,可同年12月阿里星球就停止了服务。当时阿里音乐CEO宋柯给出的理由是“不可能有两个播放器”,因为当时阿里已经开始将流量和资源逐渐转到虾米音乐上了。
然而之前还颇受欢迎的天天动听似乎也不该这么快就倒下,最主要的原因还是阿里对天天动听的改版。此前用户喜欢天天动听是因为它功能丰富、设计简洁,在UI和音乐优化方面都能保证用户的优质体验。可自从天天动听改成阿里星球,界面设置逐渐复杂,专业性逐渐被娱乐化,阿里在其中注入了社交、娱乐等元素,天天动听再不是原来那个小而美的音乐播放器,而成为了泛娱乐社交平台。
这也许与阿里大文娱的思路契合,却让许多用户失望。此外,被阿里“坑”的不仅是天天动听,在其收购的虾米音乐、优酷土豆等平台中,许多在被收购之前都有亮眼的成绩,可被阿里纳入麾下之后,风头反而没有之前强劲,更有一些像天天动听这样迅速陨落的。
而现在虾米也面临着与天天动听类似的问题。当然,这与版权竞争日益激烈有很大关系,价格越来越高,各家的招数也花样翻新,阿里虽有在深耕大文娱,但毕竟是电商起家,比起腾讯来还是稍逊一筹。
2014年腾讯音乐获得了华纳音乐版权,2016年获得索尼音乐版权,此后版权价格迅速上涨,阿里、网易、腾讯3家争夺环球音乐版权,最终还是腾讯胜出。这些巨头的版权归腾讯所有,腾讯就相当于死守着在线音乐市场中“版权”这一核心,此后不管风云如何变幻,腾讯也能凭核心条件在其中保持绝对优势。到了去年12月,腾讯音乐上市的钟声终于在纽交所敲响,至此腾讯音乐获得了彻底的成功。
反观虾米音乐连年亏损,本来胜算很大的局面在阿里对音乐业务的一次次定位偏差与策略失误中转为劣势。电商起家的阿里,虽然有一个对文娱感兴趣的CEO,可商业上或许还是缺乏这方面的基因,待到尘埃落定之时,也只能面临对手崛起的局面。
不过阿里并不甘心让这一切成为定局,但自己在音乐业务上已经无力再崛起,于是入股网易云音乐成为了当前格局中的最优选择。
二、投资网易云音乐“联手”百度,阿里以另一种方式重回音乐市场?
阿里在音乐业务上失败的一个重要原因是,不将收购来的产品看做是战略业务,而更倾向将它们当成自己吸纳流量的工具,用音乐平台为电商业导流。此外,阿里对社交一直有种执念,连支付宝里都有社交元素,音乐中更要添加一些。所以原本小而美的天天动听被阿里定位成“娱乐交互平台”,想要借此完成“电商+粉丝”的对接,一边提升明星的流量价值,一边给广告商提供渠道。
这也不能说是完全的错误,只是像天天动听这种小而美的工具似乎并不适合承担这种责任,最后流量没聚集过来,还失去了原来的用户,有些得不偿失的意味。或者说,音乐软件并不适合阿里这种“套路”,而且用户对在线音乐产品的选择是多元的,并不是没了阿里的音乐平台就不能听音乐了,腾讯音乐强大的版权、网易云音乐的社交优势,都是吸引用户作出选择的有利条件,相比之下,虾米音乐没有优势,其各方面的混乱感只会加快被用户“抛弃”的速度。
现在大公司都喜欢尽可能多地拓展领域,不管成不成,先占个位子再说。可虾米音乐的衰落给大佬们提了个醒:不是什么领域都适合“大手笔”。大手笔恰到好处是优势,可一旦过度就会无法聚焦,混乱感随之而来,更无法给予用户真正需要的体验,最终不伦不类,更是白费了许多功夫。
现在阿里也意识到了在音乐方面的失策,但是以阿里“音乐平台毁灭者”的特性,很多人担心网易云音乐也会陷落阿里之手。不过从阿里的占股比例来看,并没有什么实质性的权利,网易云音乐很好地保持了自身的独立性。然而网易云音乐与阿里这桩买卖却不是完全独立,而是阿里接手网易考拉的附带品。
一开始网易考拉还比较顺风顺水,可之后却迅速陷入了利润暴跌、裁员等危机中,所以阿里用20亿美元接手网易考拉其实并不便宜,不过有了网易云音乐却能让这种局面平衡。网易云音乐当初上线一年,用户就突破了1亿,在版权之争激烈的在线音乐行业中,网易云音乐可谓独辟蹊径,凭借乐评、歌单等UGC内容以及PC时代传承的网易的良好社区氛围成功笼络住大批用户的心,网易云音乐的评论成为了在线音乐行业中一道独特的风景线。
然而这种路线终究不能保证网易云音乐走的更为长远,因为在音乐行业中,版权才是硬道理,没有版权,其他功能做的再好也是徒劳。当用户们看到网易云音乐越来越多的歌曲变成灰色,就是粘性再好、对平台再忠诚,多半也会迅速转移到有版权的平台,最“仁义”的做法就是同时下载两个音乐软件,但最终还是会抛弃没有版权的那一个。
所以那些没把自己的音乐平台做起来的巨头纷纷转换了战略。去年百度战略投资了网易云音乐,和阿里相似的是,百度曾经收购了千千静听,可最后还是没能借此在音乐行业崛起,百度的战略投资,与阿里此次的入股意图相差无几。
虽然BAT都是互联网巨头,但互联网红利正在消失,所以面对能够占据用户大量碎片化时间的在线音乐领域,谁都不想放弃,甚至到了“寸土必争”的地步。腾讯态势愈发猛烈,而网易云音乐、阿里、百度如果能通过投资结成联盟,也未尝就不能和腾讯在音乐市场上一争高下,别看在线音乐似乎只是单一的业务,其实里面包含着平台基因、资源、投入、流量等各个方面,如果能经营得当,产生的利润不可估量。
预计到2021年,中国音乐产业的市场规模将达到4050亿元,而这块大蛋糕的分食者必然是当今这些互联网巨头,只不过谁能分得多一些,还要看格局重组之后会产生怎样的变化。但不管如何,下一阶段的在线音乐市场一定会随着巨头们的频繁动作而掀起新一轮的更为激烈的竞争。
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