关于中国华为公司参与5G建设，近期在国内和国外都传来新消息。一方面，华为率先获得工业和信息化部颁发的中国首个5G无线电通信设备进网许可证；另一方面，英国《星期日泰晤士报》27日称，英国首相鲍里斯·约翰逊正准备授予华为公司参与英国未来的5G电信网络“不具争议性”部分的许可。当然，中国公司在全球5G建设方面发挥着越来越大的影响力，也让西方一些人颇不舒服。尤其是习惯于自己领导全球的美国人，据称正准备抛出“新马歇尔计划”，试图在5G领域赶超中国。
计划的核心是干预市场
最近两年来，美国方面多次派出政府要员公开游说欧洲国家在5G建设的设备选用上“站队”，禁止使用中国公司（如华为公司）的产品。然而，尽管美国国务卿蓬佩奥等人多次煞有介事地威逼恐吓，欧洲国家似乎并未在这个问题上对美国言听计从。比如，除了英国之外，欧洲另一个大国——德国近期也做出了类似的决定。根据德国联邦网络管理局近日发布新的网络安全规定草案，德国政府不能将任何一个网络设备供应商排除在外。德国政府发言人则公开表示，不希望从一开始就将任何一家公司排除在5G网络建设之外，包括中国电信设备制造商华为。欧洲媒体有评论认为，此举或令英德与美国产生裂痕，因为后者宣称华为对美国家安全构成威胁而禁止了华为，而欧洲要与美国保持情报分享，也必须按照美国标准行事。
但是，就连华盛顿也必须承认的事实是，美国以“国家紧急法”这样的极端举措封杀华为，华为没有倒下；美国进一步举国家之力，在全球围堵华为，效果也并不理想。现在，美国又准备拿出新的招数，拟通过强化政府手段，扶持电信领域的西方企业对抗华为。据媒体不久前披露，美国政府下一步有可能采取的举措包括：向华为的西方竞争对手（主要是诺基亚和爱立信）提供贷款等资金，出台激励措施鼓励美国企业投资新的5G技术，鼓励和扶持本土的竞争对手，开发不同公司的设备相互通信的软件，通过额外的税收减免以鼓励美国参与国际电信标准组织等等。
这无疑让人想起了当年的“马歇尔计划”。那么，我们该如何看待美国新的一招？
极力维护美国网络霸权
美国政府此举，最大的出发点是前期通过政治手段封杀华为基本失败，其试图在下一代移动通信的全球竞争中有效阻止中国崛起的目的未能达到，却又不想就此罢休。而招数不断的最核心目的，还在于美国期望维护其在全球网络空间中独一无二的霸权地位，也就是维护其一贯的进攻型安全战略的独特优势，维护美国“一个国家安全而其他国家不安全”的固有态势。但美国这样做，明显缺乏事实和道义依据。
首先，迄今为止没有任何证据证明，华为等中国企业是当今全球网络空间不安全的因素，反而大多数爆发的严重网络安全问题都指向与美国有关。无论是震网病毒、勒索病毒，还是朝鲜断网、委内瑞拉电网事件和剑桥分析公司数据泄露事件等等。
其次，5G设备仅仅是网络安全诸多环节中的一个而已，底层芯片、操作系统、平台数据和NSA（非独立组网）网络武器库等环节比设备更关键。
第三，解决网络安全问题的根本在于技术和制度的规范，以及由此展开的全球性协作，并不需要每个国家独立自主生产自己的设备。5G设备只是美国掌控全球网络空间优势地位的整体链条中最先开始动摇的环节。所以，美国急于“上纲上线”，而不是真正为了有效解决全球网络安全。
从这个逻辑出发，华盛顿拉拢欧洲站队，也并非真正从欧洲安全考虑，而完全是出于维护美国自身霸权地位的需要。事实上，从最近几年频发的网络安全事件看，欧洲面临的最大挑战，并不是网络设备层面，而是由于自身产业竞争力缺失，造成Facebook、谷歌、亚马逊等网络超级平台在欧洲形成高度垄断，从而引发一系列问题。欧洲的确需要在数字时代奋起直追，但突破的关键不是安全问题，而是数字技术和数字经济的产业化和竞争力等发展问题。而这方面，欧洲与中国进一步展开合作，其战略价值和意义，无疑比跟美国合作更加重要、更加开阔，也更加互补。
很难得到欧洲认同
美国的新举措即使实施，估计也很难奏效。一方面干预市场竞争，人为破坏全球产业链的分工，很难长期奏效。另一方面，美国出招的真正“初心”也很难得到欧洲的认同和支持。
全球范围公平有效且有创新活力的市场竞争，显然是解决网络安全问题最长治久安的举措之一，在半导体芯片、操作系统、网络设备、超级平台等层面，都需要打破长期垄断，有效激活竞争。无论是中国、美国还是欧洲，以及其他新兴崛起的市场力量，都需要遵循技术趋势、市场规律和地缘政治，加入这一场数字时代最关键的发展大潮。相比之下，任正非提出的“将5G专利授权给一家美国公司”的做法，更加符合市场竞争的规律。
所以，对于美国政府的“新招”，我们大可以淡然待之。在通信设备的市场开放性方面，今天的中国市场无疑已经成为全球的典范。无论诺基亚、爱立信还是华为、中兴，以及思科、三星等，全球主要的通信设备企业都有各自相当的份额。保持良好的竞争态势，通过开放的市场竞争，才是长期促进技术创新、产业发展和维护消费者权益的唯一出路。此外，面对越来越严峻的网络安全挑战，各国应完善网络安全制度建设和知识体系，积极鼓励本国企业参与全球性的网络安全规范和制度建设，加强联合国层面以及世界各国之间的联手和协作。
总之，以我为主，化被动为主动，无疑是应对美国各种破坏性举措、团结全球更多力量的最有效对策。
转自《环球时报》
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