10月24日,谷歌在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇关于量子计算的论文。称已经开发出一款54量子比特数(其中有效量子比特53个)的超导量子芯片“Sycamore”。基于该芯片对一个53比特、20深度的电路采样100万次只需200秒,而现在最厉害的经典超级计算机Summit完成这一过程需要10000年,谷歌由此宣称率先实现了“量子霸权”。
尽管这一成果得到了许多赞美之词,但也不乏质疑者。不过谷歌的量子计算能力若真如其所言,那么将可能对人工智能领域产生极大的助力。不只是谷歌,现在全球范围内不少科技巨头都在量子计算方面有所动作,并且已经取得了可观的成果。
虽然人工智能的概念早在1956年的达特茅斯会议上就已被提出,但迅速发展却是近几年的事情,其中原因与技术和环境的发展有密切相关。如今再加上量子计算作为助力,人工智能是否会更迅速地进入到“强人工智能”的阶段呢?量子霸权倘若到来又会对其他领域产生怎样的影响呢?
一、量子霸权是“奇点”到来的契机?
在量子计算领域深耕多年的IBM表示,自家有一种计算机完成谷歌提出的任务只需2.5天,根本没有10000年那么久。中科院量子信息重点实验室副主任郭国平也认为,谷歌所谓的10000年是基于量子计算特性“粗暴计算得出的数字”,而未能考虑到如今的超级计算机在网络传输、存储等性能方面的优化。由此看来,谷歌所谓“量子霸权”的说法有误导大众之嫌。
尽管如此,谷歌的这项成果依然值得称道,它不管是对谷歌自身还是一些热门的领域都是有着重要意义的。而谷歌自己显然也是这么认为的,谷歌CEO桑达尔·皮查伊甚至将此次量子计算研究成果的意义与莱特兄弟发明飞机相提并论。
相对于传统计算,量子计算优势明显。就拿谷歌看重的人工智能领域来说,其源动力分别为大数据、算法和计算能力。大数据靠积累,而计算能力则由摩尔定律衍生而来。
重点在于,人工智能发展的障碍就是计算能力。如今的设备和技术让大数据的积累呈现爆发式增长,但如何处理海量数据是个大问题,如今生产数据的能力与处理数据的能力已然不能匹配。即使是谷歌引以为傲的AlphaGo,下一盘棋所消耗的能量都比人类多出几十万倍,这就是计算能力不足所致。
此时量子计算的作用就得以凸显,它的进展对人工智能领域或许会产生颠覆性的改变。科技大师雷·库兹韦尔曾预言“2045年,奇点来临,人工智能完全超越人类智能,人类历史将彻底改变”。
而皮查伊在最近的采访中表示,量子计算与人工智能属于“共生事物”,二者同处早期研究阶段。并且“人工智能可以加速量子计算,量子计算可以加速人工智能”。对于量子计算,皮查伊也是信心满满:“我们认为自己是一家深度计算机科学公司。摩尔定律在它的周期结束时,量子计算是我们将继续在计算领域取得进展的众多因素之一”。
在属于“综合性学科”的人工智能中,量子计算占据着如此关键的位置。并且量子计算不仅可以作用于人工智能领域,而是对当下与未来的不少热门领域都能起到重要的作用。那么量子计算到底是什么?又为何会引得诸多巨头花心思去研究呢?
二、巨头各自使力,量子计算有何优势?
量子计算,即利用量子力学的基本原理来加速解决复杂计算的过程。这种计算方式相较于传统计算机,能够更加迅速高效地处理海量的数据。在传统计算中,要靠微芯片材料与晶体管的进步提升算力,大体上就是在微芯片中嵌入电子开关,在0和1之间交替完成信息处理,芯片上的晶体管数量与芯片处理电信号的速度成正比,从而完成计算。但量子计算则可以兼容0和1,使得计算速度产生质的飞跃。
1965年,英特尔联合创始人戈登·摩尔提出,微芯片上单位面积内的晶体管数量会一年翻一番,但成本会同时减少一半。也就意味着价格不变,集成电路上可容纳的元器件的数目大概每隔18~24个月便会增加一倍,性能也将提升一倍。
这个定律一直对传统计算有着重大意义,但最近几年,依照摩尔定律发展的信息技术进步的速度正在逐渐减慢,尤其是在人工智能领域,摩尔定律显而易见地逐渐失效,中科院院士杜江峰曾在去年发表言论,称摩尔定律最多还能使用10年。
在这种情况下,量子计算的作用得以发挥。传统计算几十年才能解决的数据问题,量子计算可能只需1秒就搞定。不仅是在计算速度层面,还有在材料、设备等方面的最优选择与最佳组合,这些问题经典计算无法解决,可量子计算统统都能搞定。这就使得量子计算不仅在人工智能,并且可以在金融、医疗、物流、网络安全、基因组学等多个领域发挥重大作用。
在这些领域中,许多都是焦点与风口,科技巨头们对此自然极为重视。包括谷歌、微软、英特尔、IBM、阿里巴巴和百度在内的企业纷纷在量子计算方面加以探索。
例如微软在2017年建立了拓扑量子位,可以让设备使用现存的更精细的量子位。微软量子团队主管托德·霍尔姆达尔认为,通过量子计算“有机会解决一系列此前无法解决的问题”,而想靠传统计算机来解决这些问题也许会耗尽“宇宙的生命”。
英特尔从2015年就开始与学术界的一些伙伴联合加速研发量子计算技术,到2017年成功测试了17量子比特超导计算芯片。在CES 2018举办期间,英特尔研发出了首个49量子比特的量子计算测试芯片。
阿里巴巴旗下的阿里云与中科院携手在2015年建立了“阿里巴巴量子计算实验室”,助攻多领域量子计算应用,如电商、人工智能、数据安全等。2018年,阿里云推出了有11个量子比特的量子计算云服务。
百度也于2018年成立量子计算研究所,主要研究量子信息理论和量子计算。这对其搜索引擎业务同样能起到推助作用。
这些巨头的主业与计算能力都有关联,更何况量子计算本身就代表着未来的趋势,一旦能够落地使用,将会使多个领域呈现颠覆式变化。如此一来,也就不难理解量子计算为何这么受欢迎了。
在不久的将来,如果还有人想继续从计算能力的指数增长中获益,传统计算已然无法依靠。因为以晶体管为基础的计算方式显然已经不再适合未来,量子计算就是下一个值得追逐的方向。不过量子计算出现的时间也不短了,为何近几年才开始加速?这种加速发展又会给人工智能领域带去何种转变呢?
三、量子计算发展,“强人工智能”会加速实现吗?
谷歌在此次研究成果中提到的“量子霸权”,最初是由美国加州理工学院的物理学家约翰·普瑞斯基尔提出的,大意是现在最强的超级计算机能够完成5到20个量子比特的量子计算机所做的事情,但当量子比特超过49个,量子计算机的能力就会将超级计算机远远甩在身后。
谷歌如今是否实现了“量子霸权”尚有争议,但我们应该清楚,照现在这种发展速度,量子霸权注定会有实现的一天,而且这天的到来应该不会太迟。因为英特尔交付的49量子比特的量子计算机芯片,IBM的能处理50量子比特的量子计算机都已经接近了“量子霸权”的标准。其他的一些研究成果虽未达到这个程度,但进步也是很快的。
量子计算的发展推动了多领域的进步,反之一些领域的发展也成了量子计算技术飞速发展的助力。近年来,人工智能领域无论是技术还是商用,都呈现出爆发式增长的态势。此外,已在加紧布局的5G使得网络传输与单位传输速率大幅提升。这些转变都增强了量子计算的能力,使其发挥出更大的作用,因而量子计算与这些领域相辅相成,共同进步。
在诸多领域中,人工智能与量子计算的关系尤为紧密,人工智能已被科技界与学术界公认为是量子计算的重要着力点。例如,微软就曾经用拓扑量子计算机将其AI助手“小娜”的算法训练时间从一个月缩短到一天。此外,量子计算中自动优化的功能可自行修正人工智能数据系统中的错误,并不断处理新数据。
当前,AI处于“弱人工智能”阶段,但如果不断加入量子计算,那么那种传说中的有独立意志、情感认知能力的“强人工智能”或许会提早到来。因为量子计算不仅具备强大的数据处理能力,更有自我学习和修正的能力。
有观点认为,将黑猩猩置于人类的语言环境下使其进行学习,训练足够长的时间,也可以使黑猩猩学会人类语言。黑猩猩尚能训练到如此程度,更何况是集人类智慧大成的人工智能与量子计算。经过这种强强联合,人工智能一定会比人类更聪明、更有能力。同理,量子计算会对更多领域产生本质层面的颠覆,甚至会涉及到国与国之间的科技方面的竞争。也许在未来某天,我们关于科技的那些最激进的想象都能实现,或者比我们想象中的还要让我们惊讶。
当然想要看到这一天还要继续等待,目前量子计算尚未普及,而且巨头之间关于这一领域也会有激烈的竞争。在这一过程中与之相关的领域会如何发展,巨头之间竞争结果如何,还有待时间的检验。
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