从事油漆工作的袁师傅很烦恼,去年他在无锡市为别墅进行装修工作,不小心从脚手架上摔下造成腿部骨折,做手术前前后后花掉了10余万元,业主和装修公司互相扯皮“不认账”,自己只好四处凑钱垫付治疗产生的一切费用,可赔偿迟迟不能到位,如今家庭生活开支和吃喝用度都成了大问题。
像袁师傅这样可以自己先解决治疗费的工人还算幸运,一些家庭极度困难的受伤工人,甚至会因此延误最佳治疗时机,造成终身的伤残。
据不完全统计,早在六年前中国家装从业人员规模就达到1600万,仅现场施工人员就将近千万,国内像袁师傅一样的工人数量并不算小。尤其是中小装修公司或没有任何资质的个人装修队,不给工人上保险是一种普遍现象。缺位的保障,正在造成越来越多的家庭悲剧,不只是工人,业主也是受害方之一。
01. 缺位的保障
装修对中国人而言是件大事,很多人可能一辈子只经历一次。
为了把毛坯房装修的漂漂亮亮,少不了要“大动干戈”一番,墙体、水电、地板、天花板、厨房、阳台、洗手间一个不能少,动辄几个月的施工时间,或需要十几个工种协作才能最终完成全部的装修工作。在这期间,大大小小的事故很难完全杜绝,摔伤、割伤、砸伤、扎伤等意外屡见不鲜。保障的缺失,直接造成恶劣的后果。
2014年小伙李某为一业主进行家装,装修过程中瓷砖发生坍塌,导致他的脸部多处受伤,多次索赔无果,一怒之下爬到某小区六楼的防盗网护栏外,想要跳楼轻生。所幸警察很快赶到,及时制止了李某的过激行为。后来,业主和包工头一起赔偿李某部分损失,三方才最终实现和解。
工人工伤保障一直是政府关心的重点。
2014年12月,经国务院批准,人力资源社会保障部、住房城乡建设部、安全监管总局、全国总工会制定印发了“关于进一步做好建筑业工伤保险工作的意见”,做出了工伤优先,项目参保,概算提取,一次参保,全员覆盖的制度安排,并明确交通运输、铁路、水利等相关行业参照执行。
此后几年,人社部相继发布多条相关政策,从各个维度强调对工人的保障工作。虽然,工人保障得到的一而再的重视,可类似问题仍然层出不穷。这是因为,工人“伤不起”的问题根源,不仅仅是业主和装修公司不愿为工人上“保险”,工人自己不想上保险也是原因之一。
以空调安装举例,仅今年就有合肥、银川、温州、威海、深圳等地发生高空坠落、外机漏电、或被重物砸中身亡的事件。除了一些大企业会为工人购买保险外,许多小安装公司并不会给工人上保险,甚至工人自己也会抵触保险,做空调工本身就赚得不多,他们不想拿自己“卖命”的辛苦钱去交了保险。
保障的缺位危害极大,一旦发生意外,不仅仅意味着工人兄弟个人的伤残,他们身后的家庭也会连带深受其害。
例如,贵州籍布依族男子班仕官2004年与2005年在东莞打工,因为操作机器出现意外被砸断左手前臂。一审判决厂方支付赔偿10万元,没想到二审后被判不用赔钱,为了拿到赔偿班仕官足足打了五年官司。在打官司期间,受不了贫困的妻子心灰意冷离之而去,幼小的儿子也被留在老家无人照顾。
出了工伤各方都不愿意负责,究竟是谁在逃避?政策三令五申对工人的保护,却抑制不住纠纷的泛滥,又究竟是哪里出了问题?行业并未“坐以待毙”,一些平台型企业已开始上线相关解决方案。
02. 是谁在逃避?
日前,互联网家装平台土巴兔联合人保财险、泰康在线等保险公司对装修工地保险(以下简称“工地险”)全面升级,将以工地为投保单位,最高累计保障额度可达1000万元。相比传统的“人头”模式保险有了很大的区别,将通过该服务实现对农民工权益的保障。
互联网家装行业已发展十余年,渐成为80、90年轻人家装时的首选,有机构预计,到了2022年,互联网家装的渗透率将达到28.1%。作为平台型企业重视工人的保障问题,为整个行业带来了积极的意义和促进作用。
为何我国有完备的法律,可在装修行业一直未能真正的落实工人工伤保障呢?这个问题其实很复杂,并非简简单单一个黑心业主和小白兔工人的故事,我们分别站在各方的角度来看,其实他们都是受害者,工伤保险的缺位,有时候对业主而言也是一个“灭顶之灾”。
2014年5月,仪陇县装修工人张华为何文刚的新房安装防护栏,因为操作不当,张华从6楼掉了下身亡。张华家人为此将何文刚一家告上法庭,并要求赔偿80万。何文刚高位瘫痪的妻子知道后,不堪巨额赔款选择自杀身亡,幻想着“一命换一命”减轻家里的负担,可在法院审理中,她的死并不能妨碍最终的判决结果。
现今的三五线城市仍然以线下家装为主,大城市里也有些业主会选择小装修队家装,这种熟人介绍的模式存在非常多的隐患,例如不签合同、违规施工、缺乏工伤保险等问题。根据百度搜索结果查询,具备相应资质的装修公司只占市场总量的15%。
小公司、小装修队是问题根源,由于没有工伤保险作为保障基础,一旦发生意外,要么就是工人的正当权益被漠视,要么就是业主和装修公司去承担巨额的医药和赔偿费,只要有工伤发生,三方都可能是受害者。除了法律意识淡漠外,还有三方面原因造成了这一困境。
业主方面,大多由于对装修的专业性缺乏应有的意识。以张华巨额索赔的案例来说,何文刚本身将工程承包给了装修公司,因为张华是熟人,架不住“面子”就把安装防护栏的工作交给了对方。张华意外身亡后,何文刚成了直接责任方,最终造成了两家人的悲剧。许多业主在装修时,图便宜或熟人介绍,会选择小装修公司甚至私人装修队,此举为他们捆绑上了巨大的隐患。
选择正规的装修队,签订正规的合同,才可以有效的规避这种问题。
装修公司方面,一是存在一定的侥幸心理,认为意外事故是小概率事件,为了降低公司成本,所以不为工人上保险;二是因为装修行业的特殊性,家装涉及的工种繁多,加之施工岗位普遍不稳定,人员流动性极高,传统“人头费”模式投保方式会加大企业成本负担。因此,许多装修企业不选择为工人上保险,加之对工人安全培训的缺失,造成了保障乱象。
即使是工人,也存在自己的问题。首先是在工伤保险意识上的薄弱,大多数工人认为意外不会发生自己身上,对上工伤保险的重视程度不高。其次是侥幸心里作祟,尤其是老工人,总觉得自己有足够的能力应付潜在的危险;最后是出于收入原因,即使有装修公司会免费给工人参保,也有工人或主动或被动的会私下里,以“加些钱”为条件和公司达成不上保险的口头协议。诸如此类,都是工人保障缺失的原因。
工伤保险的缺位,对业主、装修公司、工人三方而言都是一件“潜在危害”极大的事情。只要发生意外,如果没有了工伤保险做依托,各方都会为此付出自己应有的代价。对工人而言可能是伤残甚至生命,对业主和装修公司而言,可能是一笔额度高到承担不起的赔偿。
掌握了这些情况,再去了解这次工地险的升级,就知道,它为行业带来不小的影响。因为,土巴兔具备三个优势:
首先,土巴兔是互联网家装第三方平台,考虑的是行业长远的健康成长,因此不会有“历史包袱”,不会因为一些“蝇头小利”漠视工伤保险的重要性,会积极的去推动工伤保险在家装行业的覆盖率。
其次,土巴兔平台上汇集了全国10万家装修公司,在平台上土巴兔为装修公司提供了如“淘宝店铺”一样的功能,因此参与工地险的装修企业在平台上会更受用户的青睐,模范带头作用下,会促使更多家装企业去选择保险服务。
最后,工地险是以工地为投保单位的险种,我们知道家装涉及到的人员成分很复杂,包含施工人员、质检人员、业主及业主的直系亲属等第三者,这种新型保险将很好的解决家装意外频发的问题。相比“人头”险的局限性,这种以项目为单位的保险更适合家装行业。
深入了解行业后我们会发现,装修行业之所以存在工人“伤不起”的现象,同行业人员流动高的特殊性,参与方对工伤保险的意识薄弱和对危险概率认知不足的侥幸心理等因素有莫大的关系,做好家装施工领域的安全教育非常迫切。
在保险产品上也应该进行迭代,传统“人头”模式如果不适用,应该开发更多合适的险种为行业服务,这样才能标本兼治,实现健康家装的终极目标。
“工地险”特别在何处?
土巴兔和人保财险、泰康在线等保险公司推出的工地险,借鉴的是建筑行业以项目参保的工人保障的思路,并针对家装场景的特殊性进行了优化。
这种全新的保险好处有哪些呢?我们来看看项目参保制的具体内容,即参保不具体到人头,而是将所有参与项目施工建设的工人都涵盖在保险范围内,并明确赔多少、怎么赔、赔付时限等方面的标准。如此,不管农民工怎么流动,也不管农民工是否签订用工合同,只要有相应的务工依据,农民工工伤损失都可得到保险的保障。
如此来看,一方面它杜绝了企业因为各种原因私自不参保的问题。另一方面,它的赔偿范围和赔偿方式皆针对装修行业的特点进行“量身定做”,一旦出现事故以优先解决问题为处理的第一要务,大大的保障了工人兄弟的人身安全问题。值得注意的是,工地险针对家装场景进一步优化,将质检人员、业主和业主直系亲属也覆盖在险种内。
为此要举两个例子,2018年3月,工人张某在北京通州某小区房子内施工,执行铲墙皮作业的他,作业中意外发生,张某的左手大拇指、中指和小拇指受伤,医院紧急救治后,经鉴定是9级伤残,因为装修公司上了工地险,保险公司很快就赔付了10万元理赔款。
上海也发生过一起业主在装修过程中发生意外事件,因为有工地险,业主妻子很快获得巨额赔偿,这里很好地体现了工地险相比传统“人头”保险的优势了。
作为平台“能力越大,责任也就越大”,从多个角度来看,工地险对行业、对企业、对业主都是有价值的新产品。家装本是一件温馨的事,保障一旦缺位,意外发生带来的不只是伤残,还会引发一系列的家庭危机。家装一直是工伤纠纷的高发领域,问题仅仅因为企业不想上保险吗?也许不全是,定制化的保险服务或许才是破局的关键。
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