中国企业一旦进入了XXX全球榜单,或获得什么世界大奖,就会“卖力气”的宣传一波。10月底,胡润研究院发布了《2019胡润全球独角兽榜》,众多中国企业上了这个榜单,在它们还没来得及自我宣传时,意外却发生了。
自媒体@肥肥猫发布的《故事快讲不下去的互联网新秀们》文章刷屏了朋友圈,夺走本该属于登上了《2019胡润全球独角兽榜》企业们的眼球,该文痛斥10亿到100亿美金范围里的中国独角兽,大多数无科也无创,只是做做二房东、互金、二手车、电影、网课、伪AI、电动车、电商的生意。估值虚高不说还没有什么硬科技,只因为有资本在背后“力捧”就夺取了这个荣誉。
客观的说,这种“地图炮”式的观点有些偏激,可也揭示了一个残酷的现实,10亿至100亿美金的独角兽里有着很多“名不副实”企业。即使有ofo的前车之鉴,今年仍有不少商业价值稀缺的企业被资本捧成了独角兽。市场需要冷静的思考,这其中,也包括频繁在资本市场讲故事却收效甚微的二手回收平台——爱回收
1+1小于2
今年6月初,爱回收宣布与京东旗下的二手商品交易平台拍拍合并,并宣称将获得5亿美元的融资。可根据美国证券交易委员会的官方公告显示,爱回收获得的融资现金仅为2000万美元,但是却付出了联席总裁和部分股权的代价。据媒体分析,大部分的所谓投资,可能是流量作价或其他资源交换。
这一轮融资背后尚有很多信息未对外公开,但估值提升的背后,其实难掩其资金紧张不得不滴血融资的尴尬。
到底投了多少?没人知道,单从数据上来看,不断在资本市场寻求融资的爱回收近五个月的表现和它“身价”之间并没有形成正比关系。从一些数据上来看,合并拍拍后的爱回收甚至出现了倒退现象。可见,这种估值“游戏”里存在了非常多的猫腻,只要资本方愿意,可以轻松地把一家公司“包装”出来。回头再看ofo的遭遇或许我们就会明白,为何它的估值会达到40亿。
按照道理说,一家企业的评估应该基于其本身的业务的增长或衰退。如果以这个维度来看,爱回收其实并不怎么乐观。
数据来源:艾瑞App指数
爱回收和拍拍的合并曾引起圈内不小的热议,一个是主打手机回收业务,一个主打二手商品交易平台,是标准的生态互补的战略合并。尤其是在闲鱼、转转发力C2B2C服务的背景下,缺“左腿”的爱回收和缺“右腿”的拍拍抱团,看上去是完成闭环。可从数据上来看,这种互补的合并,不仅未带来流量的提升,甚至造成了下跌。以爱回收举例,其月独立设备规模在8月、9月出现了非常吓人的下滑。拍拍二手虽然没有下滑,可也几乎没实现什么增长。
按道理说,上下游的两家企业战略联合总会带来一定的增长,出现跌势很反常,有三个原因或能解释这种现象:
首先,拍拍二手本身的“不景气”,造成对爱回收的拉升有限;拍拍和京东的缘分并不是“自由恋爱”,自拍拍跟了京东就一直没获得过较大的资源倾斜。2015年,刘强东曾毫不客气的用“控制不了假货”的理由关闭了拍拍。两年后,京东重启了拍拍二手,可命运多舛的拍拍并未迎来高光时刻,在二手电商市场的占比一直未能实现突破。
据网经社旗下的电子商务研究中心发布的《2018年度中国二手电商发展报告》显示,拍拍二手的市场占比只有6.37%,这种体量对爱回收能带来多大的提升就可想而知了。
其次,2000万美元对爱回收而言杯水车薪;闲鱼背后是阿里,转转背后是腾讯,而且爱回收还面临着回收宝、闪回收、估吗等平台的竞争,在二手电商大战异常激烈背景下,是否拥有雄厚资本是事关生死的大事。2000万美元丢在二手回收市场里一个水漂都打不起来,能够在巨头的竞争下业务不被腰斩已经不易,更枉谈实现增长了。
最后,二手回收电商变局再启;爱回收能够看到二手手机回收背后的巨大利益,手机厂商和二手电商平台对此同样有着清醒的认识。以往二手手机回收这个“累活”没人愿意做,爱回收垄断了手机品牌商城的以旧换新业务,这是它前些年之所以能快速发展的一根金手指。如今,手机企业开始重视这块战场,同时也意识到一家垄断所带来的客诉升高问题,因此vivo选择了和回收宝合作,小米投资了闪回收,越来越多的伙伴离之而去,这根金手指一旦断掉,对其的打击将是难以估量的。
不完全统计,如今包括苹果、华为、小米、vivo、OPPO、联想等手机品牌都推出了以旧换新的业务,随着二手回收电商竞争的激烈,市场重新洗牌开始。虽不知最终鹿死谁手,可这场混战对爱回收而言并不是好事。
1+1本来不该小于2,尤其是两个平台互补。估值数字上的风光掩盖不了模式上的短板,未来把精力聚焦到具体的业务上拓展上,才是它最该去做的事。
难挡的马太效应
看似“完美”的组合,为何没能够出现奇效呢?
答案其实并不难,随着二手电商市场逐渐的形成双强格局,马太效应下,小平台的竞争力会越来越式微。
根据第三方机构比达发布的《2019年第1季度中国在线二手闲置物品交易市场研究报告》的数据显示,2019年3月份闲鱼APP月活用户数为2439.9万人,转转APP月活跃用户为1142.9万人,拍拍二手是21.4万人。对于爱回收而言,接手拍拍二手不仅带不来利好,还是个烫手山芋,如果放任不管,拍拍二手或会再一次重蹈覆辙;如果选择输血,那将是一笔无底洞般的持续投入。
在闲鱼、转转的压力下,爱回收目前最亟待解决的是C端流量的困境。二手手机回收后有三种变现方式,第一种是经过检修后直接对用户销售,这部分占比大概20%,这也是利润最高的一块业务;第二种是通过竞拍的方式流向各大线下手机回收机构,平台通过赚取差价来盈利,这部分占比在60%左右;第三种比较简单粗暴,30%左右的手机会被环保拆解处理,通过配件售卖或其他方式盈利。
从中能够看到,第二种、第三种的处理方式可操作空间不是很大,利润最高的其实还是把二手对外直接销售。想要把回收来的二手手机直接卖给用户,需要一个庞大的C端流量做支撑。以目前拍拍二手的C端流量规模,很难支撑起爱回收的野心,如果没有自己直接的销售渠道,仅靠C2B模式赚取中间差价,市场想象空间是很有限的,而且很容易被对手复制。
其实,从拍拍二手的遭遇就能发现,走高端白领人群的京东,对于价格极度敏感人群的覆盖力度上并不强,否则也不会让拼多多在微信上发展壮大。
反观二手电商交易的主要人群,主要是一二线城市的年轻人和三五线城市的消费者。
根据36氪发布的《二手经济下的用户观察报告》数据显示,二手交易平台用户男女比例为4:5。平台使用者平均年龄为28岁,其中85.3%为18-34岁的年轻人,78.9%的用户拥有大学(包括专科、本科)学历。七成用户家庭收入水平维持在万元人民币之上,其中38%的用户集中在10000-19999元人民币的区间内。
2018年9月,京东PLUS会员透露突破了千万规模。根据《京东PLUS会员价值体系研究报告》显示,一二线城市、高学历人群是京东PLUS会员主要用户群体,他们经济基础较好,对网购依赖程度高,并且注重网购体验。这些数据站在京东的角度来看是个利好,若站在拍拍和爱回收角度,中高端用户对它们业务的帮助有很大的局限。
爱回收创始人兼CEO陈雪峰曾透露“从全球市场来看,中国始终站在智能手机的制高点,我们北上广深始终用最新款的iPhone,隔两代以内的iPhone,可能二三线城市,四五线城市有很大的需求,再差一点的iPhone,像欧洲,现在二手的iPhone有很大的需求,再差一点,像安卓,东南亚,再差一点可能到了非洲。”
如果不能在C端流量上突围,爱回收未来只能是为各个二手电商平台和线下分销渠道的管道,赚中间商差价看起来很“滋润”,却非常害怕对手打价格战,如今各个二手回收平台都在通过合作和自建的模式去构筑“一站式专业回收”的这块拼图。
估值只是一个数字,若不能在C端上破局,ofo的困局大有可能在爱回收上重现。
重资本模式未来堪忧
互联网公司的打法有一个特点,那就是先用轻模式切入战场,并通过不断的对产业链条上下游渗透实现对传统产业的颠覆。电商、外卖、出行市场莫不如此,一开始都是做交易的撮合,然后下沉到支付,下沉到物流、自营车辆等环节。
如果反过来玩,结果往往会很不理想。比如说顺丰优选、神州专车、万达飞凡,都是很典型的由重向轻延伸,一般很难有大的成就。
爱回收和拍拍二手的合并,如果是拍拍二手做主导,就是轻模式向重模式渗透;可爱回收唱“主戏”,就是以重向轻的发展,经验论的讲不是很乐观。
最早爱回收也很重视线上,今年年初爱回收公司总裁郑甫江接受媒体采访时,直言早期“中国的消费者还没有完全建立线上回收的习惯”在2015年爱回收将重心完全放到线下门店的打造。陈雪峰也曾透露二手回收线上交易的相关数据,100个用户提交订单,大约有40个用户会寄出手机。在100部邮寄来的手机中,只有不到70%的手机符合用户在线填写的描述,剩余30%需要重新协商价格。其中,又有三四部有可能因为价格谈不拢需要寄还给用户。这或也是爱回收在线下布局很卖力的原因。
经过5年的发展,爱回收对外宣称线下门店及上门业务覆盖了全国110个以上一二线城市,门店数量超过600家,今年9月份还进驻中国香港地区,根据官方的口径,爱回收称线下门店已实现盈利。可根据《财经天下》周刊爆料,真实情况或许并没有这么乐观。
早在2016年陈雪峰就算过线下成本的情况,爱回收会在商场里选择一面墙或一根立柱,只要能够摆下一台电脑或安装两三面触摸屏就够了;这种“简易”门店一次性硬件投入是7万元,每个月的(含员工工资)大约在3万元;按照每年布局100家店计算,硬件成本在700万;运营成本应该在4万元左右(人工和店铺租金都在上涨),那么一年费用就是将近3亿,按照3万来计算,也得2亿左右;这个开支还是很吓人的。
而且,C2B模式会占用很大一部分现金流,如果再算上未来扶持拍拍二手的开支,未来的爱回收资金缺口会很大。
在2016年和2018年,爱回收曾两次大张旗鼓的IPO,16年爱回收准备A股上市,18年则想要登陆港股或纳斯达克。去年抛出IPO消息后,陈雪峰曾公开了一个新的计划,声称未来五年要布局10万台自助回收机。不知什么原因,这一次IPO的想法又一次搁浅。
今年,因为2000万美元就付出股权和联席总裁的职位,不得不让人质疑是否出现了资金上的问题。
现在的资本市场不景气,很多风投开始收缩战线,以往to VC的玩法已经不太好继续。想要活下去必须得具备自我造血能力,对手都背靠财大气粗的平台,这对爱回收而言非常不利。更重要的是,京东今年一面开启下沉战略,一面在进行战线收缩,这个大股东未来能给爱回收带来多少资源扶持还是未知数。
俗话说,欲速则不达,不考虑实际情况的扩张,往往都伴随着难以妥善处理的乱象。
谁是最后一根稻草?
对于创业公司而言,高估值意味着更强的融资能力,可一旦高出可控范围,那就是一种灾难。
据悉,在摩拜卖身后,戴威给ofo的报价曾从40亿美元左右下调到25亿美元,由于融资困难,又降至20亿美元以下区间。传闻,ofo的任何涉及融资的决策都需要董事会全体签字通过,任何一方不签字新的融资都不能进来。或许因为估值下跌的太多损失了“老股东”的利益,一直未实现全体签字,导致ofo错过了当时最后的一根稻草。
现在的爱回收似乎也正在陷入这样的窘境里。抛去收购二手手机的成本,抛去线下的人员和租金成本,抛去广告营销的成本,一年下来,爱回收的利润不会很高,更有可能是在面临着亏损所带来的资金紧张问题。
联想到频繁的压价、霸王条款和套路的舆论批评,这一切背后很难说和其营收压力无关。
在黑猫投诉和21CN聚投诉上,关于爱回收恶意压价的投诉越来越多,网友@万先生在21CN聚投诉上称自己参加京东自营iPhone11以旧换新活动,爱回收约定质检符合评估即可获得900+300补贴,却“恶意压低质检价格至490元”。类似投诉大多数围绕线上以旧换新业务,许多网友认为爱回收以高价位噱头诱导用户快递二手手机,却在检测过程中故意压低价格,给他们带来损失,有网友称爱回收给的实际回收价格只有估价的十四分之一。两次检测价格有出入是正常现象,可数倍甚至十几倍的“差价”,就很难去合理的解释。
如果说,预估价和实际估价的纠纷很难定性,那媒体爆料的“霸王条款”问题,就是不折不扣的缺乏商业道德的行为了。据北京商报报道,朱女士因为不满爱回收给的实际估价过低,想在平台上“拒绝交易”,却无法在页面上直接找到终止交易的选项。消费者仅能在页面看到确认成交的选项,本想“拒绝交易”的朱女士只能点击按键,在系统中完成了交易。
在和接触过爱回收线下店和App的用户交谈中,认为爱回收给的手机估价“离谱”的人非常多,都认为该平台价格压的让人难以接受。爱回收的商业模式比较简单,低买高卖四个字就能概括,想要盈利必须拼命的把手机的价格压低,这样才会有足够的利润空间。
二手回收电商进入拐点,背靠闲鱼的回收宝、有腾讯支持的微回收等老对手虎视眈眈,小米投资的闪回收等新势力也在崛起,就像二手车市场上那句经典的“没有中间商赚差价”的台词一样,产业链条布局更长的闲鱼、转转等平台,能够放弃中间差价这块“肥肉”,可以通过做大盘子来分摊成本,同时在交易中或提供服务来获取利润。
而爱回收在拍拍二手还不能为它供血的时候,就陷入两难的境地,把二手手机卖个渠道商,然后又渠道商再去卖给用户,显然会徒增很多成本。渠道商完全可以自己把回收和出售都自己来做,想要逃脱这个魔咒,自建流量渠道是必然要走的路。
可在2015年前后,爱回收选择了当时容易走却缺乏远见的道路,如今积重难返,再想回头构建线上流量,已无机会。从2011年成立,即将迎来自己的十年,如今的估值会是顶峰吗?恐怕,在资本市场趋冷的今天,爱回收的黑马故事,已讲不下去了。
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