4月26日,李国庆带人去当当抢走了11枚公章和36枚财务章,并在公司张贴细数俞渝“罪状”的《告当当全体员工书》,一时间成为各大社交平台和媒体关注的焦点。李国庆这边抢了公章当晚就派上了用场,发布了一份加盖公章的、要求履行董事长和总经理权力的“公告”。
俞渝这边也是迅速反击,报警、挂失公章、召开媒体电话沟通会,当当副总裁阚敏作为俞渝的代表,表示当当管理层都跟俞渝在一起,李国庆离当当越远越好。
这是个接档这两天“热闹”的娱乐圈的新鲜出炉的“瓜”,也是李国庆俞渝旷日持久的撕逼大战的“后续”。有人力挺李国庆,有人支持俞渝,但更多的人乐得抱着看笑话的心态将其当成茶余饭后的谈资,以吃瓜群众的态度旁观这堪比狗血连续剧的夫妻夺权大战。
这对夫妻的矛盾与争端,连累的是他们的“儿子”当当网。从2018年俞渝夺权开始,当当内部“震荡” 不断,或者说当当已经沦为二人争权夺利的工具,自然不可能同心协力为当当争取到更好的未来。而再向更早的时候追溯,当当在二人公开闹掰之前,就已经因内部的“暗涌”错失了许多次绝好的机会。
一、当当曾有机会站上巅峰,却一再错失好机会
当当的开始,也是李国庆与俞渝二人的缘起,经过几年在中国对图书行业的探索之后,李国庆在1995年跑到美国去拉投资,与在华尔街做金融咨询的俞渝相识,三个月之后就闪婚。那时美国亚马逊网上购书的便捷体验给二人留下了深刻的印象,更让他们意识到商机,因为当时中国尚无如亚马逊一样的网上书店。
夫妇二人一拍即合,凭借李国庆对中国图书出版行业的认识与经验和俞渝的人脉积累,于1999年正式成立了当当网,当时电商在中国根本还是没影的事,但当当可以说是迈出了第一步,其成立初衷就是打破实体书店的地域垄断情形,搭建出版商和读者直接联系的渠道,让出版社库房里的书不再堆积如山,而是能够迅速精准地到达有需求的读者手中。
由于图书产品本身标准化,存储容易运输便捷,加上当当网率先推出的送货上门、货到付款等服务,很快被用户尤其是学生群体接受。当当网声名大噪,而当时腾讯还是个小公司,阿里巴巴刚刚成立,百度和京东更是名不见经传。
因为有俞渝的人脉加上当当网自身的好模式,成立三个月就拿到第一笔风投。接下来的三年中,当当网接连获得IDG资本、老虎基金、卢森堡剑桥集团、DCM中国等机构的三轮融资,共计超出4400万美元。那时马云尚在为融资发愁,刘强东专注于自己的线下多媒体商店,而李国庆夫妇已经开始带领当当盈利,并且保持着每年180%的增速,远超传统书店年增长率不足5%的窘境。
之后的一切更是顺理成章,当当从图书一路发展到综合电商,直至2010年站稳脚跟在纽交所上市,成为中国首家在美股上市的B2C企业,股票迎来开门红,首日市值高达23.3亿美元,李国庆夫妇身家暴涨至9亿美元。这是当当的高光时刻,应该也是俞、李二人初相识之外最和谐的时期,二人身着情侣装在纽交所前合影。
但这样的和谐气氛并没维持太长时间,一个月之后,李国庆在微博上发“摇滚歌词”嘲讽帮助当当上市的摩根士丹利,称其刻意压低发行价,而在此之前李国庆还和老虎基金翻过脸。后来俞渝对此表态:“夫妻创业的压力远大于普通搭档,处理不好,男性一方更容易心理失衡。”
后来当当如何走的下坡路,如何发展到今天这步不再细数。但值得注意的是,当当会“沦落”至此,与夫妻二人没处理好这种创业搭档的关系,以及“夫妻店”模式对格局的限制有莫大的关系,当当也因此错失了不少机会。
2004年,亚马逊方面三个月之内两次提出收购当当,希望以1.5亿美元的价格换取当当网70%的股份。但夫妻二人纠结良久最终拒绝,一方面是舍不得卖,另一方面李国庆认为当当有待价而沽的潜力。亚马逊转身就收购了卓越网,后来借卓越推出Kindle蚕食当当的市场份额。
当亚马逊和当当抢市场的时候,京东也获得了高瓴资本、红杉中国等机构15亿美元的融资,声称“京东每本书都要比竞争对手低20%,5年内不允许京东图书部门盈利”,甩手就是8000万元的补贴,压制了当当4000万元的补贴,靠“烧钱”大获全胜;阿里巴巴在2012年宣布天猫书城上线,也对当当造成了不小的压力。
但当当此时仍有机会。2013年百度想入股当当,2014年腾讯想入股当当,最终却都因对控股份额的分歧而未能达成共识。今天看来,这无疑又是当当错失的良机。因为在此之后,阿里巴巴和京东先后上市,让电商烧钱大战进入白热化。而当当从此没落,市值缩水四分之三退市私有化、被收购、李国庆出走、夫妻大战狗血剧情持续上演,外界的目光都落在看二人争斗上,却无人再真正关注当当,即使关注,当当似乎也只是二人撕逼的工具而已。
二、成败皆源于“夫妻店”模式,当当“出局”已成定局
一个本来可能成为中国电商第一梯队领军品牌的企业,如今却没落至此,令人惋惜与深思。那么问题到底出在哪里?
曾经在图书市场的经验与当当早期的成功,让李国庆夫妇对自己的经营模式十分自信,也更加坚定了在细分领域深耕的决心。然而在电商行业中,一种模式不可能永远先进,当市场一次次发生变化,经营者的观念也理应跟上步伐,可对于合作、数字图书、网络文学等风口,当当居然“全部避开”,这肯定不是巧合和偶然。
一方面当当对资本这种东西有种固步自封的排斥,始终保持着那种传统的“一分钱一分货”模式,而互联网中的电商模式本质上是要靠流量变现,当当却对这一点缺乏深刻的认识。于是我们可以看到当当远离资本、不向银行贷款,并且在别家烧钱圈地之时强调自己盈利,表明希望通过新产品提高销售额,然而资本已经开始关心敢于烧钱争夺市场份额的阿里巴巴和京东等电商品牌。
另一方面“夫妻店”模式使得双方缺乏制衡,导致企业决策困难。从性格上来看,二人都很强势,于是每每企业面临重大抉择,都时常因二人的意见相左错失机会,一旦意见不一,整体方案就会推迟甚至不了了之,与亚马逊、百度、腾讯的“擦肩而过”其中都有这方面原因。
而在当当从纽交所退市成为私人控股的企业之后,“夫妻店”的弊端愈发凸显。私有化使李国庆夫妇掌握了更多权力,让当当成为“集权制”公司。二人划定了自己的势力范围,使得员工在做许多方案时不得不考虑二人之间的关系,于是许多决策成了二人争斗的筹码,而并非真心为公司的前途着想。于是当当更加难以扩张,对权力的执著使得二人小心地守着自家的地盘,拒绝牺牲股份,拒绝跑马圈地,更顾不上形势的变化,因而当当被淘汰也是情理之中。
电影《中国合伙人》里,佟大为饰演的王阳有句台词是“不要和你最好的朋友开公司”,而当当闹到如今的地步,或许证明了这句话对夫妻也同样适用。李国庆的桀骜与口无遮拦,俞渝的强势与执拗,最终使得当当从中国电商模式的领军者到彻底掉出了中国电商的第一梯队,而且从以前的经验和目前的情形来看,当当复起的可能性也微乎其微。
支持俞渝的当当副总裁阚敏认为,李国庆夺权的动机是想要维持早晚读书的经营,当然李国庆或许还想要当当重现往昔辉煌。但是从电商行业的状况来看,要做到这一点可能性不大。
从物流方面来看,当当没有京东、淘宝那样强大的物流,仓储覆盖率远远不及。
从商品品类方面来看,淘宝和京东都只是将图书作为一个板块和流量入口,还有更多品类供用户选择,但当当却将图书作为全部,而且图书并非刚需,能够吸引到的流量和创造的利润也终究有限,无法与淘宝、京东这样已成规模的巨头抗衡。
最重要的是,当当的格局始终没能有一个质的飞跃。当年在烧钱问题上当当就缩手缩脚,但电商的本质就是烧钱,仓储、物流、供应链都需要持续且大量的资金投入,而投资人和股民是重要的资金来源。然而当当在美上市后仍然墨守成规,不遵循新规则,导致股价下跌,最终退市。
此外,李国庆夫妇的思路和观念几乎就是当当要执行的全部,这种集权经营模式严重受限于个人思维,使得当当的发展已经触碰到天花板,很难再有突破。况且二人现在闹到这个地步,就连“夫妻同心其利断金”的那股冲劲也已消失殆尽,未来的当当不管如何发展,只要还没有脱离夫妻二人的掌控,就注定其“出局”已成定局,并且再无复起之可能。
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