近日,趣头条发布了2020年第一季度财报。财报显示,趣头条第一季度营业收入14.12亿元,同比增长26.2%。亏损5.318亿元,与2019年第三季度净亏损的8.9亿元和第四季度净亏损的5.514亿元相比明显收窄。
用户数据方面,趣头条综合季度平均月活跃用户达到1.38亿,同比增长24.2%;综合季度平均日活跃用户达到4560万,同比增长21.5%;用户日均在线时长62.4分钟,长期保持在1小时以上。而一季度趣头条总获客成本为5.02亿元,已经连续两个季度同比降幅超过25%。
总体来看,趣头条的增长态势不如早期,但在营收增长、月活用户增长、净利润等几个核心指标上仍有不错的表现。然而财报的利好之下却已是危机暗涌,随着市场的发展和与其他同类产品的对比,趣头条在行业地位和内容实质方面都显得有些“力不从心”,关于趣头条的商业模式与平台内容调性的争议也从未停歇。
实际上趣头条自身也颇为迷茫,定位是广告平台还是内容平台,从趣头条的种种表现来看,显然还没有将这件事搞清楚。如果想在激烈的竞争和不确定的未来中走得更远,趣头条对平台定位还要好好思虑一番。不过从近期的一些转变来看,趣头条似乎有所觉悟,并在此基础之上展开“自我救赎”。
一、非典型内容平台的崛起:流量收割疯狂,却是“败絮其中”
趣头条创始人谭思亮在做趣头条的前一年卖掉了他第一个创业项目“互众广告”,于2016年创立了趣头条。而趣头条在创始之初并不为外界所看好,当时微博、微信、今日头条、天天快报等各种资讯平台正打得难解难分,似乎已不再有外来者的立足之地。
不过趣头条仍然找到了其中的机会。当时的资讯平台看似已经将市场蚕食一空,但仔细观察会发现这股战火也仅仅是在一二线城市蔓延,而三线以下城市的下沉市场尚未被发掘,恰恰就是这未被发掘的市场蕴藏着巨大的价值。
所以趣头条相当聪明地避开战火,就像拼多多和快手一样,默默在下沉市场收割流量和用户。这种做法效果显著:成立不到10个月的时间,实现了用户从0~600万的爆发式增长;2017年在APP Store资讯类的排名一度冲到第5位,当年10月日活跃用户量接近800万,到了年底超过千万。
到2018年9月,趣头条成功登陆纳斯达克,此时离它成立也只有两年的时间;2019年3月,趣头条宣布完成超过2亿美元B轮融资,由腾讯领投,小米、顺为资本、光源资本等跟投,融资完成之后趣头条估值超过16亿美元。
一个资讯平台能在短期之内有如此成绩,与其获客模式与内容产出模式都有着莫大的关联。
曾经有段时间,趣头条在各种线上社交圈刷屏。只需选择相应的邀请途径就能完成分享,如果有好友通过链接下载注册趣头条,就成为了邀请人的“徒弟”。如果“徒弟”完成看资讯等任务,那么赚得的佣金里也会有“师父”的一份。
其实这种网赚收徒拉下线的模式一点都不新鲜,然而趣头条精准地找到了最容易为这种模式所吸引的用户群,并采用了各种手段提升下沉市场用户的黏性,让他们牢牢被“粘”在趣头条中。
下沉与裂变是互联网新阶段的特质,各类互联网平台都在积极入局。而拼多多、快手、趣头条这类平台从一开始就已占得先机:你觉得拼多多假货成堆,但你那些小城市和村镇里的亲戚朋友都在疯狂传播提现拼团;你觉得快手是“郊县天王”,可快手被“精英”隔绝,却成了社会“底层”最真实的展现渠道。
同理,你觉得趣头条内容劣质,为了那点蝇头小利浪费宝贵时间不值得。但在趣头条所针对的那个群体中,许多人有大把的空闲时间,即使对几元十几元的零钱敏感度也相当高,时间与精力于他们而言是“过剩资源”,他们愿意用大把的时间去换零钱,反正闲着也是闲着,更何况只是看看新闻刷刷资讯,何乐而不为。
客观来说,趣头条上的内容质量确实不怎么高:假新闻、标题党、各种八卦、怪力乱神,可以说极其无效且无聊。但是对于受教育水平普遍不高眼界又不算开阔的下沉市场用户而言,这类信息恰好满足人类的一些与窥伺、猎奇、低级趣味相关的欲望,这种欲望在缺乏独立思考、精神层面空虚的群体中更容易发酵。
趣头条就是精准地察觉到了这一点,再通过算法精准分发等技术层面的手段不断推送此类内容,在运营层面有节奏地复盘见效快的方式,最终形成一套成熟的打法,这些非典型的套路与手段最终让趣头条成为“业界黑马”,一路狂飙,获得了世俗意义上的成功。
与今日头条等同类资讯平台相比,趣头条在获客模式、内容产出等方式上是个非典型的资讯平台。它的独特性决定了它早期的疯狂成长,然而这种成长一如互联网行业多次出现过的“跑马圈地”那般不可持续。
从获客模式来看,趣头条的“大撒币”模式对用户吸引力确实不小,但谁家烧钱也不可能一直烧下去,更何况是趣头条金币返现这种“土豪”一样的模式。一旦有一天钱烧完了,用户也就自然流失了,所以此举绝非长久之计,趣头条若想继续走下去,必须找到更有效的留住用户的模式。
从内容产出来看,趣头条内容劣质,而同类的资讯平台今日头条等都在提升自己的内容质量,同样是从下沉市场起家的拼多多、快手也都在内容方面发力,逐渐摆脱了“Low”的标签。尽管当年都是下沉市场起家,但英雄不问出处,现在快手日活几个亿,拼多多市值大几百亿美元,要说趣头条和它们并称“下沉市场三巨头”总有几分滑稽的意味。
对用户而言,趣头条上的那些劣质内容对其思想的负面影响,远远不是从趣头条上赚的那几个钱能弥补的。而且随着越来越多优质资讯平台的进一步发展,趣头条不具备差异化的竞争力,就算是最能吸引用户的返现制度,其他平台也同样可以做到。
实际上趣头条当前面临的问题的根源,在于对自身定位模糊不清,故而陷入迷茫。
二、广告平台or内容平台?趣头条“亡羊补牢”欲实现自我救赎
这种迷茫的根源,要从趣头条成立的起点谈起。谭思亮此前就是广告界出身。所以在某种程度上,趣头条是个广告平台,流量才是重点。之前的互众广告采用的就是在线广告投放系统,从搜狗、百度等大公司手里买流量,之后转手卖给广告主。
而趣头条也是如此,只不过这次是直接从用户手里“买”流量:先通过平台的流量分成吸引大量的作者、媒体投稿以丰富平台框架;而后通过奖励机制吸引用户,鼓励用户从而形成巨大流量;再想方设法借鉴传销机制造成裂变式传播的效果,扩大用户群体制造更多流量;最后将这些流量转手卖给广告主,这比从大公司手里买流量便宜多了。
然而多年的互联网发展历程显示,当流量至上,内容质量就非常容易受到忽视。如此一来,趣头条的用户也不算是真正的用户,而相当于渠道分发商,与平台的关系完全建立在利益关系上。
事实也印证了这一点,趣头条的用户不大关心内容质量如何,只要有钱赚就去看,然而“以利聚者利尽则散”,趣头条用户增长看似很快,但这种关系实际上是非常脆弱的,恐怕经不起多少考验。
当然,趣头条主观上是将自己定义为内容平台,虽然广告是内容平台的主要收入来源,但内容本身是核心。然而不论从平台内容体系的构建还是核心商业模式来看,趣头条都对广告有着严重的依赖。
在趣头条的页面上充斥着大量观感堪忧的广告,趣头条平台内容体系其实是对标今日头条、天天快报等资讯平台的,这些平台愈发注重内容质量方面的投入,与之相比,趣头条的内容难免落后一截。
实际上趣头条得以发展至今,并非因为其非典型的发展路径中有什么硬实力,而是因为趣头条把大部分的时间金钱和精力都花在获取流量方面。用户之所以坚持看新闻拉人头,都是为了钱,这样的平台很难谈什么未来。
好在趣头条也意识到了这一点,开启了“自我救赎”模式。
从第一季度的财报来看,趣头条的营收成本为4.608亿元人民币,同比增长了65%,主要是内容成本的增长。趣头条在一季度新增了千余名行业头部原创作者,其中小视频优质作者较2019年12月底提升了近40倍。
对于内容质量,趣头条也逐渐开始上心。继“清风计划”后,趣头条又发起“金盾计划”,持续清理低质量作者和内容,截至今年3月,趣头条App优质内容PV环比增长10%,进一步保障了优质原创作者的权益。今年4月,趣头条旗下的米读推出了“平民计划”,宣布将投入不低于10亿元用于推进独家内容和作者生态建设。
在小视频方面,趣头条推出了“优质内容聚合+连续剧情内容”的创新小剧场产品,紧贴用户需求,降低内容消费门槛,成就了一批KOL,助其成功打入新兴市场。
趣头条在内容方面的投入也得到了回报,一季度趣头条其他收入为4780万元,其中直播、游戏和米读会员服务的收入增长占了大头。
在研发方面,趣头条一季度投入2.809亿元人民币,同比增长80.8%,主要来自对内容推荐算法和广告技术方面的投入。在建设内容的同时也注重技术发展,齐头并进,以期取得更好的效果。
经过几年的打磨与经验的积累,趣头条意识到了作为资讯平台应该注重哪些方面,正在努力展开一场“亡羊补牢”式的自我救赎。但每个平台都有自己的基因,这种基因决定了其商业模式与思维模式,趣头条想要摆脱这些还需要一个过程。
不过这场救赎关乎趣头条未来的生死存亡,所以趣头条在“改变”这件事上显得更为积极,如此一来或许能够真正提升其实力,让趣头条在行业中拥有更多的发展机会。
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