距离马化腾仅差61亿美金,黄峥以454亿美元的身家超过马云之后,已经有人开始讨论这个年轻创业明星什么时候能登上首富的大位了。
移动互联网的造富能力是可怕的,只要找准了挣钱的路子,你就可以在财富上把十数年积累的前辈踩在脚下。
京东高管对“只有四岁”的拼多多的不屑言犹在耳,但是,他可能只是在用常规的电商思维看待拼多多,而没有从创始人黄峥的“实用主义”秉性,来关注拼多多平台快速聚拢财富的能力。
探寻黄峥的亿万富翁之路,他的“过人之处”,一般人难以企及,甚至互联网的那些老前辈都学不来。
种因得果,复杂经历塑造黄峥“实用”秉性
黄峥今年40岁,创立拼多多不到5年。
与那些“天才少年互联网发财记”里的创业明星不同,从求学到工作到创业,黄峥的人生并不能用“开挂”来形容,他只是比一般人稍显优秀。
孩童时,黄峥在一个非常普通的学校上学,歪打正着上了杭外,随后,考上浙大、申请到威斯康星大学、进入Google,黄峥进行着一个优秀学生通常的路途。
再然后,就是但为拼多多的快速成长打下基础的,是黄峥前三次不是都成功的创业经历:
有从Google出走后开办的B2C电商网站欧酷,到2012年黄峥离开时GMV仅有6000万,而同行京东的年交易量已经突破了100亿;
有电商代运营公司乐其,在吃了一波风口红利后逐渐沉寂;
还有市场在国外、较少人关注的网游业务,业绩不错至今仍存,只不过变换了门头。
在黄峥的人生过程中,他非常幸运地遇上了几个贵人:
劝他进入杭外中学的小学校长,这是其命运的第一个拐点;
让他进入Google学习“好公司是什么样的”的段永平(2006年,段花62万美元拍得巴菲特午餐,还携黄峥一同前往),黄第一次创业的B2C电商网站欧酷,便有段永平的资金支持;
2006年一起被派到中国拓展Google业务的李开复,这更是难得的共事经历。
2013年,坐飞机到台湾的黄峥不幸患上了“航空性中耳炎”,因为耳鸣在家休息了9个月。再“出山”时,紧盯下沉市场的拼好货面世,抓住人们爱“占便宜”的心理,黄峥的拼好货很快崭露头角,并最终发展成今天的拼多多。毫无疑问,如黄峥当初的愿望,拼多多成为他“最后一次创业”。
一个人在复杂且不算太成功的经历中,心境总会有所变化。开始不愿意去杭外上学、要学好数理化的“理科直男”黄峥,最终变成了一个喜爱表达、掌控力强、讲究快速出结果、极为讲究实用的创业领袖。
他喜爱表达,口才了得,还开有自己的公众号。2018年7月,拼多多处在假货舆论风口,为了争取媒体支持,黄峥一口气与他们聊了三个小时。
他掌控力强,其财富能够超过前辈马云,与他坐拥拼多多高达43.3%股份有直接关系。虽然有投票权的制衡设置,但相对于华为、阿里、腾讯等公司的集体领导,绝对控股才能给予黄峥最大的掌控力保障。从这个角度而言,马云在阿里持股6.2%,马化腾占股腾讯8.8%,可能都难以被后辈黄峥所赞同和认可。
他年轻有精力,学霸、阅历丰富、目的性/逻辑性极强……
但是,最重要的,还是黄峥在现实面前锻炼出的“实用”秉性。
每一个曾经充满浪漫主义理想的人,在经历多次现实挫折后大多数都会妥协,将实用摆在第一位——只要能做大、把企业搞起来,没必要顾忌那么多东西了,先做起来再说吧,毕竟,这个世界的竞争就是这么惨烈,受到的教训已经够多了。
黄峥说过的一句话可以很好地体现出来,“创业就像进城打工要活下去,可以洗碗,但不代表以后还洗碗。”
这句非常接地气的朴实话,道出了“实用”的内核:虽然不太看得上“洗碗”,但只要“洗碗”有价值,洗一洗也无妨,至于以后可能会改变,但先走着看看。
实用主义:黄峥的“财富密码”
复杂的经历沉淀下来,实用主义已经成为黄峥的“财富密码”,更能洞察到消费市场那些被忽视的深度机会,这使得黄峥在做大平台、推动市值等方面,超出他的互联网电商前辈。
拼多多的路线,就是黄峥的实用主义哲学主导下的结果。
黄峥小时候家境普通,过得不算很好。他曾回忆称,那时母亲买菜会为了一两块钱据理力争,能坐公交就绝不打车。那个时代的记忆,或许可以帮助黄铮刻画出了五环外人群的精准画像——对价格敏感,但对时间不敏感。
后来,拼多多初期成长的基本盘——大量低价山寨甚至是假冒产品,客观上满足了广大五环外人群的深层需求。其中的目标群体,瞄准的就是生活中处处精打细算、并不吝惜时间的用户。
拼多多在产品设计上,为五环外人群准备了两个“实用”的要素:
首先,是老生常谈的低价。为此,拼多多初期一心扑在被淘宝扔掉、问题多多的低价供应链上,甚至舍弃了服务、质量保障等其他基础能力。但在当时,对它的消费者而言,低价就是最大的“实用”,这便足够。
中国地域广阔、差异极大,在广大的五环外和三、四线城市里,有着占人口多数的低价产品用户。他们中的不少人可以在权衡中舍弃天猫、京东等鼓吹的正品、服务、质量,这是一个比品牌、比口碑更重要的事情,便是最大的“实用”。实用主义成就了拼多多,但也给拼多多事业来了不少麻烦,例如假货问题直到今天仍是难以摆脱的恶名,对消费者和品牌造成了伤害,导致它在大品牌入驻上几无进展。
拼多多的市值就是这么起来了,在纯资本视角下,不得不承认,这就是实用主义的胜利。这可能有点像先污染后治理,快速发展下,人们更多的可能只是会去比较城市GDP,而不太会去看河流里被污水毒死的鱼虾,甚至河边被影响了健康的居民。
其次,在低价之外,还有大众和业界容易忽视的一条——有些人的“时间并不值钱”。
让用户留在拼多多平台上,一般人都看到社交裂变、各种套路让人拉人头,但较少人关注拼多多上“杀时间”的 “多多爱消除”和“多多牧场”等游戏。这类游戏最大的价值,是让时间不值钱的五环外用户延长在拼多多的停留,以促成更多消费可能。
从实用主义角度看,如果用户的时间不值钱,那就用创造不了什么价值但可以带来多巴胺分泌的内容锁住他们,这是对平台的体量膨胀是再实用不过的方式。不但用户粘性提高了,使用时长和活跃用户的数据也更亮眼了。
而说到游戏,其实拼多多当下的实用主义与黄峥过去的游戏创业经历可以说一脉相承。一篇名为《解密黄峥的游戏生意:一个隐形的全球游戏帝国》的文章,揭示了黄峥早前的游戏发家史。
2012年离开欧酷网后,黄峥创办了一家游戏公司“上海寻梦”,彼时国内页游市场被头部流量所占据,与黄峥创立拼多多时的电商境况大致类似,而黄峥的“实用主义”在那时起就起到了类似的关键作用。以游戏《我的学妹不可能这么萌》为例,内容打着色情擦边球,但由于用户只是面向港澳台、日本、东南亚等海外地区,就顺利地规避了国内的监管。
后来,上海寻梦一分为二(上海墨灿和上海友塔),又陆续推出了《黑道风云》等新游戏。
2018年8月,正是拼多多假货舆情刚刚消退的时节,上海墨灿的《黑道风云》被Facebook、Youtube等多家平台喊停。原因从游戏设置就能看出:玩家“折磨”一名被胶带封住嘴的女性人质,由玩家选择是“折磨”她还是杀死她,并有撩起裙子、撕封口胶带等动作。
当年“Tech星球”打开墨灿游戏官网赫然发现,滚动的关于《女神之剑》的游戏照片中,女性几近漏点,甚至没穿任何衣服,利用图形巧妙遮挡。对此,Tech星球援引游戏媒体人评论认为,墨灿游戏“黄、暴、假(山寨),这家公司的产品就这样。”
然而灰色地带并不一定意味着违法,面向海外市场也不触发国内相关部门的监管。用户喜欢“性暗示”的游戏内容,恰好是主流页游厂商不屑去做的空白,这便是极佳的突破口。从上海寻梦到墨灿游戏,选择从灰色地带进行业务突破,体现了黄峥实用主义思维。
2016年年底,黄峥在接受采访中表示,拼多多最初的团队成员就来自于游戏公司最核心的20多个员工。
直到今天,黄峥从不避讳在公开场合赞扬拼多多的“游戏基因”。这表明,从打擦边球的游戏,到拼多多全面利用人性心理特点甚至弱点来开拓五环外市场,实用主义一直是黄峥的财富密码,从来不曾变过。
实用主义屡试不爽,成为首富或是时间问题
2019年4月,全国“扫黄打非”办公室表示,性暗示、消费女性、性别歧视,这种软色情行为,其危害一定程度上甚至比真正的色情更可怕,已将此类问题纳入当前正在开展的网上低俗信息专项整治,督促各大网络平台加强自律,严把内容关。
我们应该庆幸,内地有如此这么严苛的监管,让我们的网络环境健康有序。但对实用主义而言,这可能是巨大的机会损失。要知道,在港澳台、日本等市场上,2015年5月黄峥的上海寻梦每月净利润就达到100万美元(约659万人民币),净利润率达到40%;2018年全年,《黑道风云》营收甚至超过了腾讯的《绝地求生》,位列第六。Sensor Tower发布的数据显示,仅2018年9月份,《黑道风云》在全球多个地区的总收入就超过 1610 万美元(约合人民币1.1亿)。
要是内地放开监督尺度,谁说黄峥旗下公司没有可能成为国内的另一个游戏巨头呢?
毫无疑问,黄峥是一个有野心的人,并不断思考一些更高维度的东西。在不久前2020“给股东的信”中,黄峥大谈特谈时间、能量等抽象概念,例如“在虚拟与现实界限逐渐模糊的新世界中,人类物质与精神需求之间的分别也愈发模糊。”
而黄峥要做的,自然是从这界限逐渐模糊的新世界中找到别人不敢涉及的商业机会。无论是可能涉黄涉暴的游戏,还是山寨假货名声不佳的电商,黄峥都为他们提供直截了当的体验,满足了用户最核心的需求。人性弱点也好,多巴胺经济也罢,最终它们都达到了创造巨额财富的目的。
从多年的经历来看,黄峥是立场坚定的人,为了目标不惜兵行险招,敢于跨越常人不敢涉足的灰色地带。他的实用主义理念屡试不爽,创造出巨大财富,刷新人们更多认知。
黄峥成为下一任首富,或只是时间问题。
蚂蚁虫——科技自媒体、企业战略分析师,虎嗅、钛媒体、艾瑞等多家科技网站认证作者,曾入围2015年100位科技自媒体作者、2016年钛媒体10大年度作者、2016年品途网10大年度作者、2018年砍柴网年度作者、2019年驱动号年度作者,微信公众号:miniant-cn。
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